Fred Callaway

@fredcallaway.bsky.social

I study how people solve big problems with small brains. Starting at Dartmouth in 2026—I'm recruiting! https://fredcallaway.com

Our paper is out in Nature Communications! In our messy, noisy world, do you find planning difficult/less worthwhile? It's not just you. As we increased the stochasticity in a planning environment, we found that people spent less effort planning: www.nature.com/articles/s41... #cogsci #planning

Environmental stochasticity reduces human planning effort - Nature Communications

The real world is stochastic, making it difficult to know when planning is worthwhile. Here the authors show that as stochasticity increases, people spend less effort planning and adopt simpler, less ...

nature.com

I can't remember the last time I enjoyed a paper as much as this one. Such clear thinking. Beyond the compelling nativism-empiricism argument, it's among the best illustrations/explanations of levels of analysis I've seen. www.cell.com/trends/cogni...

The nativist–empiricist debate is broken

The nativist–empiricist debate has long organized cognitive science, framing cognitive mechanisms as either innate or learned. Recent advances in controlled rearing and scalable domain-general neural ...

cell.com

I take great joy in using a pullout faucet to create a "whirlpool" in the pot I'm washing, with peak joy ~exponential in rotational velocity. This surely points to something deep about human cognition, but I'm not sure what.

🚨New preprint with Fei Dai, @hanqizhou.bsky.social and @alisongopnik.bsky.social We extend empowerment (control over external states) by turning it inward. *Representational empowerment* asks which representations a learner should acquire and curate to solve future problems arxiv.org/abs/2609.02322

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Alison Gopnik@alisongopnik.bsky.social · last mo.

New paper with really interesting ideas from Fei and Hanqui, empowerment as a way of discovering representations as well as actions

Excited to share the first first-author preprint of my PhD at NYU with @s-michelmann.bsky.social andDaryl Fougnie. Using eye-tracking in a novel behavioral paradigm, we reveal the mechanisms by which episodic memory (EM) and working memory (WM) interact. 🧠 doi: doi.org/10.64898/202...

doi.org

bioRxiv Neuroscience@biorxiv-neursci.bsky.social · last mo.

Episodic memory rescues working memory via pattern separation, pattern completion, and predictive recall https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.08.26.746101v1

We make flexible choices in new situations by knitting together information from separate relevant memories. But what governs which memories are retrieved and when? In a new preprint, we captured how people build decision variables from different memories by tracking their gaze on a blank screen.

Flexible decisions arise from resource-rational memory sampling

Flexible decision making depends on retrieving and recombining memories. Yet because this process unfolds covertly, its governing principles remain unknown. Here we use gaze reinstatement to uncover t...

biorxiv.org

How do human minds make sense of big, messy problems? 😵‍💫🌀 How do we distill complexity into something simple enough to solve? 🤔💡 We’ll be tackling these questions (and more!) at two workshops on task representations, abstractions, and construals #CogSci2026 #CCN2026 🧵 framing-the-problem.github.io

Framing the Problem — Workshop Series

A workshop series on representation construction in cognitive science and AI. CogSci 2026 (Rio) and CCN 2026 (NYU).

framing-the-problem.github.io

This is an actual line that was added to the official system prompt for Codex for GPT-5.5 by OpenAI. Usually the system prompt is as minimal as possible, so I assume it would otherwise mention goblins a lot. AIs are weird.

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Good read. I'd go further and suggest that scientific evidence against behaviorism is impossible in principle. Behaviorism simply says that you can model behavior as p(behavior | experience, genes). Cognitivism just adds a latent state, r (representation): p(b|e,g) = ∫ p(b|r) p(r|e,g) dr. (1/4)

Stefano Palminteri@stepalminteri.bsky.social · 6mo ago

The more I study the issue and the original texts, the more the scientific arguments against behaviorism (and, conversely, in favor of the cognitive “revolution”) seem weaker to me. This is one of my favorite papers across all fields (and very convincing IMHO) www.academia.edu/75630727/The...

New preprint from my lab! We study how reinforcement learning & selective attention interact. To do so, we built a set of models describing different ways that value & reward prediction error can modulate top-down attention. We compare model outcomes to monkey data from a color value learning task

bioRxiv Neuroscience@biorxiv-neursci.bsky.social · 6mo ago

Modulation of feature attention by reward prediction error explains value learning behavior https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.10.717847v1

Convincing evidence that people recall individual past experiences to inform decisions—specifically when an easier incremental learning strategy isn’t available. Also, a masterclass in experimental design.

Jonathan Nicholas@jonathannicholas.bsky.social · 9mo ago

Our experiences have countless details, and it can be hard to know which matter. How can we behave effectively in the future when, right now, we don't know what we'll need? Out today in @nathumbehav.nature.com , @marcelomattar.bsky.social and I find that people solve this by using episodic memory.

Writing is thinking Outsourcing the entire task of writing to LLMs will deprive us of the essential creative task of interpreting our findings and generating a deeper theoretical understanding of the world.

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