Anthropic’s LLM watermarking

So yeah, Anthropic has announced that it’s now watermarking the outputs of Claude, using a scheme based on Google’s SynthID, which is in turn based on the Gumbel Softmax scheme that I proposed at OpenAI back in 2022—as far as I know, the first LLM watermarking proposal, though far from the last one. I’m gratified […]

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Better than gold

What’s about the only thing more badass than a 17-year-old winning a gold medal at the International Olympiad in Informatics (IOI)? That 17-year-old intentionally forfeiting his gold medal by wearing an Israeli flag while the medal was announced, defying the IOI’s boycott of Israel. Kol HaKavod (mad respect) to Yotam Budnik, who incredibly, has also […]

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Michael Rabin memorial conference

Friend-of-the-blog (well, mainly just friend) Adi Akavia has asked me to publicize that she’s helping to organize an exciting CS conference called Mind-IL at Tel Aviv University on October 26, in memory of the Israeli-American Turing Award winner Michael O. Rabin, who passed away in April. Please note that October 26 is the day before […]

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NISQ and quantum supremacy did not fail

A week ago, a philosopher named Amit Hagar put out a preprint entitled The NISQ Trap: Eight Years of Demonstrations the Hardware was Built to Lose. Here’s the abstract: With a single clear exception, every NISQ-era flagship demonstration of ‘quantum advantage’ has, within eighteen months of its announcement, been classically reproduced, shown to rest on […]

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Happy 250th!

I’m at the New Jersey shore with family and friends, where we’ve spent this Fourth of July eating hot dogs, playing miniature golf, and wading into the ocean that my great-grandparents crossed to escape calamities they knew about and much greater calamities that they didn’t. Tonight we’ll see the fireworks, weather permitting. And yes, on […]

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My response to the White House executive order on QC

I’ve been getting emails from journalists asking me to comment on the new White House executive order on quantum computing. Alas, I don’t have time for a long response or interviews since I’m at a beautiful science camp in the California mountains, and heading soon to STOC’2026 in Salt Lake City. But I gave anyone […]

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Never trust a T-Rex

In 2024, at the same time as I was being called a genocide apologist, Zionist baby killer, etc. etc., I was also being hounded by my right-wing, pro-Israel readers, who demanded of me: knowing what you know, understanding what you understand, how could you possibly vote for Kamala Harris? How could you donate to Kamala’s […]

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On hope

The comments on my previous post, on recent AI breakthroughs in solving Erdös problems and beyond, must’ve set some sort of record for the number of separate reasons commenters offered me to despair about the future of humanity. All this in a post that I saw as relatively nerdy and anodyne, goring few oxen, when […]

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The Trevisan Award and the Decimal Digits of Powers of 2

WHOA … I’ve won the inaugural Luca Trevisan Award for Expository Work in Theoretical Computer Science! This has a particular meaning for me as someone who knew Luca Trevisan as well as I did for 25 years — who had him as a professor and thesis committee member, whose blog bounced off his blog, who […]

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Will you heed my warnings NOW?

Holy crap … yesterday I was elected to the US National Academy of Sciences! If you don’t believe me, click the link and keep scrolling down until you hit the name “Aaronson.” But then continue scrolling to see 144 other inductees, including my IAS postdoctoral classmate Maria Chudnovsky, my longtime friend and colleague Salil Vadhan, […]

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Three greats who we’ve lost

Sir Charles Antony Richard Hoare (1934-2026) won the 1980 Turing Award for numerous contributions to computer science, including foundational work on concurrency and formal verification and the invention (with Dijkstra) of the dining philosophers problem. But he’s perhaps best known, to pretty much everyone who’s ever studied CS, as the inventor of the Quicksort algorithm. […]

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FREEDOM (while hoping my friends stay safe)

This deserves to become one of the iconic images of human history, alongside the Tank Man of Tiananmen Square and so forth. Here’s Sharifi Zarchi, a computer engineering professor at Sharif University in Tehran, posting on Twitter/X: “Ali Khamenei is not my leader.” Do you understand the balls of steel this takes? If Professor Zarchi […]

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Understanding vs. impact: the paradox of how to spend my time

Not long ago William MacAskill, the founder of the Effective Altruist movement, visited Austin, where I got to talk with him in person for the first time. I was a fan of his book What We Owe the Future, and found him as thoughtful and eloquent face-to-face as I did on the page. Talking to […]

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Theory and AI Alignment

The following is based on a talk that I gave (remotely) at the UK AI Safety Institute Alignment Workshop on October 29, and which I then procrastinated for more than a month in writing up. Enjoy! Thanks for having me! I’m a theoretical computer scientist. I’ve spent most of my career for ~25 years studying […]

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Mihai Pătrașcu Best Paper Award: Guest post from Seth Pettie

Scott’s foreword: Today I’m honored to turn over Shtetl-Optimized to a guest post from Michigan theoretical computer scientist Seth Pettie, who writes about a SOSA Best Paper Award newly renamed in honor of the late Mihai Pătrașcu. Mihai, who I knew from his student days, was a brash, larger-than-life figure in theoretical computer science, for […]

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Podcasts!

A 9-year-old named Kai (“The Quantum Kid”) and his mother interviewed me about closed timelike curves, wormholes, Deutsch’s resolution of the Grandfather Paradox, and the implications of time travel for computational complexity: This is actually one of my better podcasts (and only 24 minutes long), so check it out! Here’s a podcast I did a […]

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Quantum Investment Bros: Have you no shame?

Near the end of my last post, I made a little offhand remark: [G]iven the current staggering rate of hardware progress, I now think it’s a live possibility that we’ll have a fault-tolerant quantum computer running Shor’s algorithm before the next US presidential election. And I say that not only because of the possibility of the next […]

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Quantum computing: too much to handle!

Tomorrow I’m headed to Berkeley for the Inkhaven blogging residency, whose participants need to write one blog post per day or get kicked out. I’ll be there to share my “wisdom” as a distinguished elder blogger (note that Shtetl-Optimized is now in its twentieth year). I’m acutely aware of the irony, that I myself can […]

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UT Austin’s Statement on Academic Integrity

A month ago William Inboden, the provost of UT Austin (where I work), invited me to join a university-wide “Faculty Working Group on Academic Integrity.” The name made me think that it would be about students cheating on exams and the like. I didn’t relish the prospect but I said sure. Shortly afterward, Jim Davis, […]

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On keeping a packed suitcase

This Halloween, I didn’t need anything special to frighten me. I walked all day around in a haze of fear and depression, unable to concentrate on my research or anything else. I saw people smiling, dressed up in costumes, and I thought: how? The president of the Heritage Foundation, the most important right-wing think tank […]

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An Experimental Program for AI-Powered Feedback at STOC: Guest Post from David Woodruff

This year for STOC, we decided to run an experiment to explore the use of Large Language Models in the theoretical computer science community, and we’re inviting the entire community to participate. We—a team from the STOC PC—are offering authors the chance to get automated pre-submission feedback from an advanced, Gemini-based LLM tool that’s been optimized for checking […]

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My talk at Columbia University: “Computational Complexity and Explanations in Physics”

Last week, I gave the Patrick Suppes Lecture in the Columbia University Philosophy Department. Patrick Suppes was a distinguished philosopher at Stanford who (among many other things) pioneered remote gifted education through the EPGY program, and who I was privileged to spend some time with back in 2007, when he was in his eighties. My […]

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Sad and happy day

Today, of course, is the second anniversary of the genocidal Oct. 7 invasion of Israel—the deadliest day for Jews since the Holocaust, and the event that launched the current wars that have been reshaping the Middle East for better and/or worse. Regardless of whether their primary concern is for Israelis, Palestinians, or both, I’d hope […]

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The QMA Singularity

Update (Sep. 29): Since this post has now gone semi-viral on X, Hacker News, etc., with people arguing about how trivial or nontrivial was GPT5’s “discovery,” it seems worthwhile to say something that was implicit in the post. Namely, GPT5-Thinking’s suggestion of a function to use “should have” been obvious to us. It would have […]

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HSBC unleashes yet another “qombie”: a zombie claim of quantum advantage that isn’t

Today, I got email after email asking me to comment on a new paper from HSBC—yes, the bank—together with IBM. The paper claims to use a quantum computer to get a 34% advantage in predictions of financial trading data. (See also blog posts here and here, or numerous popular articles that you can easily find […]

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Darkness over America

Update (September 24): A sympathetic correspondent wrote to tip me off that this blog post has caused me to get added to a list, maintained by MAGA activists and circulated by email, of academics and others who ought to “[face] some consequences for maligning the patriotic MAGA movement.” Needless to say, not only did this […]

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