Bertha Rohenkohl

@bertharohenkohl.bsky.social

Research and Data Economics Lead @ Our World in Data | poverty, inequality, labor. Views my own.

📝 New article — 138 million children are in child labor. What does this actually mean? Last year, the United Nations published a report estimating that 138 million children around the world are in child labor. This situation is awful, and it deserves attention.

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Data on economic inequality has improved a lot, and it's more accessible than ever. But with so many options, it can be hard to know where to start. We've just published a new page with major datasets, charts, and explanations of what they measure and what they don't. Check it out! ⤵️

Our World in Data@ourworldindata.org · 4w ago

We have a new Economic Inequality topic page— Public attention to economic inequality has grown a lot over the last twenty years. At the same time, the available data has greatly improved too: it now covers many more countries and longer time periods, and is more comparable and accessible than ever

Dot-and-line chart of monthly income or consumption at the 90th and 10th percentiles for selected countries, where it illustrates large gaps between the richest and poorest 10%. It shows the richest 10% in the United States at about $5,508 per person per month versus $789 for the poorest 10%, and smaller absolute amounts but clear gaps in Brazil (about $1,626 vs $161), Vietnam (about $875 vs $177) and Madagascar (about $156 vs $32). Data source: World Bank Poverty and Inequality Platform (2026). License: CC BY to Our World in Data.

How do the rights of LGBT+ people vary around the world? 🧵 The first map shows the 38 countries that allow same-sex partners to marry, affirming their right to love and form a family. However, the majority of countries don’t recognize same-sex marriage, or outright ban it.

World map showing where same-sex marriage is legal in 2025.

Interested in demography? You might like our new tool on @ourworldindata.org which lets you see how changes in fertility rates, life expectancy, and migration rates will change future populations. Have a play! You can even do it continent wide. ourworldindata.org/population-s...

Population tool: how will populations across the world change in the 21st century?

We created an interactive tool that lets you test how changes in fertility rates, life expectancy, and migration rates will change future populations.

ourworldindata.org

Congratulations to the data wizards at @ourworldindata.org who created this elegant tool so you can adjust fertility, mortality & migration rates for any country to see the impact on population sizes & age structures. This is really, really great!! Check it out!! Excellent tool, terrific write up.

Our World in Data@ourworldindata.org · 3mo ago

How will populations across the world change in the 21st century? 🔧 Explore for yourself with our new interactive tool!

An image of the new interactive population simulation tool from Our World in Data, showing South Korea.

What is the most unequal country in South America? It depends on what metric you look at. One way to measure income inequality is to look at the share of all income that goes to the top income earners.

Bar chart of income shares where it compares the share received by the richest 10% and the richest 0.1% across seven countries (Colombia, Chile, Brazil, Peru, Ecuador, Uruguay, Argentina) to show concentration of income at the very top. The richest 10% receive about 43% to 63% of income while the richest 0.1% receive about 3% to 22%, with Peru showing the highest 0.1% share. Data source: World Inequality Database (2026). License: CC BY. Income measured before taxes and benefits, based on 2022 data.

📊 Data update: How many people live in poverty around the world, and how has that changed over the last decades? The World Bank's Poverty and Inequality Platform (PIP) is one of the primary tools we have for answering these questions.

Stacked area chart of total population living in extreme poverty (below $3 per day) by world region from 1990 to 2026, where global numbers fall from about 2.3 billion in 1990 to under 1 billion in 2026, driven mainly by large declines in East Asia & Pacific and South Asia. Sub-Saharan Africa's count remains high and becomes a larger share of global poverty over time. Data source: Lakner et al. (2025), updated using World Bank PIP in March 2026. License: CC BY.

I'm a data scientist @ourworldindata.org and I need help from a botanist or someone local to Kyoto, Japan! 🌸 We present one of the world’s longest climate records: 1,200 years of peak cherry blossom dates in Kyoto. The researcher who maintained it, Prof. Yasuyuki Aono, sadly passed away last year.

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Albert Einstein reshaped our understanding of the universe. But what would his chances have been if he'd been born in the Central African Republic, one of the world's poorest countries? And what could the world's poorest children grow up to be if they had his circumstances?

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What share of income goes to the richest 1% in your country? How about the richest 10% or 0.1%? How has that changed over time? The World Inequality Database (WID) is the leading source for answering questions about incomes and wealth at the very top of the distribution.

Line chart of the income share of the richest 1% of the population (before taxes and benefits) showing trends from 1974 to 2024 for Chile, India, the USA, France, and Finland. It shows Chile with the highest and most volatile share, peaking above 30 percent, India and the USA rising steadily to about 20 to 25 percent by 2024, and France and Finland remaining lower and comparatively stable around about 5 to 12 percent. The data source is the World Inequality Database (2026). The chart is licensed CC BY to Our World in Data.

How has the world's population changed over the last 12,000 years? What do projections tell us about the rest of this century? We've refreshed four of our most popular static charts that show you answers to these questions, updating them with the latest data from the UN. 🧵

The size of the world population over the long-run.

A line chart of world population from 10,000 BCE to present with a short projected extension into the 21st century. It shows a very slow, nearly flat increase for millennia, a small bump around 2,000 years ago, and a rapid exponential rise after about 1800 leading to roughly 8 billion in 2022. Key labeled milestones: about 4 million in 10,000 BCE; 595 million in 1700; 983 million in 1800; 1.6 billion in 1900; 2 billion in 1927; 3 billion in 1960; 4 billion in 1975; 5 billion in 1987; 6 billion in 1998; 7 billion in 2010; 8 billion in 2022. The chart includes a UN Population Division projection that reaches 9 billion in 2037, 10 billion in 2061, and a peak of about 10.3 billion in 2084 before declining. Annotations note that average growth from 10,000 BCE to 1700 was about 0.04 percent per year and that the mid-14th century Black Death killed between a quarter and a half of the population of Europe.

At the turn of the millennium, 2.2 billion people in the world lived in extreme poverty. In international statistics, this means they survived on less than $3 per day (in today’s money). In the two decades that followed, this number more than halved. You can see this decline in the chart.

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Teaching economics or social sciences? Concepts like the unemployment rate or labor force participation can be tricky to explain clearly. Our new Work & Employment page breaks these down with clear explanations and visualizations — all free to download and use in your classes and presentations.

Our World in Data@ourworldindata.org · 6mo ago

Being unemployed isn’t the same as not having a job — at least when it comes to labor statistics. The map shows unemployment rates around the world in 2025. Let’s see what this number captures — and what it doesn’t 🧵

World map showing the unemployment rate in 2025. The unemployment rate is the share of the labor force without work, but actively looking for a job and available to start soon. Figures are modeled estimates from the International Labour Organization in 2026, via the World Bank. The chart is licensed CC BY to Our World in Data.

Being unemployed isn’t the same as not having a job — at least when it comes to labor statistics. The map shows unemployment rates around the world in 2025. Let’s see what this number captures — and what it doesn’t 🧵

World map showing the unemployment rate in 2025. The unemployment rate is the share of the labor force without work, but actively looking for a job and available to start soon. Figures are modeled estimates from the International Labour Organization in 2026, via the World Bank. The chart is licensed CC BY to Our World in Data.

✍️ New article: Tracking historical progress against slavery and forced labor: a long-run data view For much of history, forced labor was widespread and brutal. Tens of millions of people were made to work under the threat of violence or punishment. The situation today is very different.

Slavery and forced labor have become less common over the last 250 years.

Line chart of the number of countries that had not yet abolished large-scale forced labor.

In 1789, 165 of the 174 countries covered had not yet abolished large-scale forced labor. In 2024, it was 9 countries.

Annotations on important cases, such as China, the Soviet Union, and the United States, say more about the history of slavery and forced labor.

📊 Explore updated data on global development from the World Bank— How are countries around the world developing — in terms of their economies, infrastructure, technology, energy use, healthcare, education, food production, and much more?

Line chart of national GDP from 1990 to 2024, adjusted for inflation and differences in living costs (purchasing power parity). Key insight: China’s GDP rises steeply and overtakes the United States around the mid-2010s, reaching about $35 trillion by 2024; the United States grows more gradually to about $25 trillion by 2024. India shows strong growth to about $15 trillion by 2024. Russia, Japan, Germany, and Brazil remain much lower, roughly in the $2 trillion to $6 trillion range with small fluctuations. Data sources: Eurostat, OECD, IMF, and World Bank (2026). Note: values expressed in international dollars at 2021 prices. The chart is licensed CC BY to Our World in Data.

The Syrian civil war has killed hundreds of thousands, displaced millions, and caused poor health and widespread poverty— Most of our work on war and peace focuses on the people killed directly in the fighting.

Chart titled "the many costs of the Syrian civil war". It consists of eight small line charts of deaths due to fighting, all deaths, deaths of children under 5, internally displaced people, international refugees, GDP per capita, the share in extreme poverty, and the share undernourished between 2004 and 2024. It shows that the civil war didn't just kill hundreds of thousands due to fighting, but also increased deaths overall (especially those of young children), displaced millions, halved average living standards, and created extreme poverty and widespread undernourishment. Data sources include UCDP, the UN, Eurostat, OECD, IMF, World Bank, and FAO. The chart is licensed CC BY to Our World in Data.

The world dedicates a Poland-sized area of land to producing liquid biofuels such as bioethanol & biodiesel. Is there a more efficient way to generate energy? Putting solar panels on the land used for biofuels, e.g., would produce enough electricity for all cars and trucks worldwide to go electric.

How much energy can be produced on global land currently used for liquid biofuels?

Bar comparison showing energy per year from land currently used for liquid biofuels: Biofuels for transport — 1,400 TWh per year; Solar panels on the same land — 32,000 TWh per year. Side annotations: 31,000 TWh shown for context as the amount of electricity the world generated in 2024; 7,000 TWh per year shown as the amount of electricity the world would need to power all of its cars and trucks if they were electric.

Note: This assumes the world uses 32 million hectares of land to grow crops for liquid biofuels, based on net land use which subtracts land allocated to co-products such as animal feed, and assumes solar PV uses 1 hectare of land per GWh.

Data source: Energy Institute; Cerulogy; Ember; and author calculations. Chart is licensed CC BY to Our World in Data.