Dr Ciarán McDonnell

@drciaranmcdonnell.bsky.social

Historian: 18thC war & society (Jacobites, French Revolution & Napoleonic Wars), Irish in foreign armies (Wild Geese), Medieval history (Crusades). Also interested in archaeology & heritage management. https://ciaranmcdonnell.weebly.com/

On this day in 1455 the War of the Roses began with the First Battle of St Albans. King Henry VI and his army held the town centre, and the Duke of York's army attacked from the east. Fierce fight took place here on Sopwell Lane, the Yorkists attack here led by the Earl of Salisbury. 1/6

Looking west along Sopwell Lane, with a very old half-timber house to the left.

Daniel Charles had left the Brigade by this point. He returned to France during the Peace of Amiens but then found himself under house arrest. With the Restoration he was able to retire, with two pensions: as a colonel in the British army & a general in the French army. 7/7

However Protestant opposition to this Catholic brigade meant that the regiments had to serve outside of Britain, Ireland or even Europe. Pitt's Irish Brigade was forced to garrison British possessions in the West Indies and Nova Scotia, and most were lost to tropical disease. 6/7

After the royalist defeats he sailed to London, where he lobbied & was eventually successful in convincing William Pitt to authorise the recreation of the Irish Brigade in British Army, using Franco Irish émigré officers & Irish Catholic rank and file. 5/7 journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1...

A ‘Fair Chance’? The Catholic Irish Brigade in the British Service, 1793–1798 - Ciarán McDonnell, 2016

The Irish Brigade in the British service, formed in the 1790s, was composed of Irish Catholic soldiers, who had recently regained official permission to serve i...

journals.sagepub.com

Daniel served in Minorca (1781) & saved the life of the Comte d'Artois (future Charles X) at the Siege of Gibraltar in 1782. Initially he tried to ride out the storm of the Revolution & was appointed to brevet general, but he eventually left & joined the Army of the Princes. 4/7

Daniel Charles was uncle to Daniel 'the Liberator' O'Connell and part of the O'Connell clan of Derrynane Co. Kerry who had built their fortune on smuggling to France and Spain in the 18thC. Daniel Charles' brother was Maurice 'Hunting Cap' O'Connell, & clan patriarch. 2/7

Irish also fought on the Allied side, incl. the 6th Inniskilling Dragoons. Some of the Irish Brigade would end up facing the same regiments (& Cumberland) a year later at Culloden. Lt Col Walter Stapleton, promoted to Brig. General after Fontenoy, would be killed at Culloden. 5/6

The Irish Brigade lost 1/4 of its officers & 1/3 of its men at Fontenoy, one of the bloodiest battles of the decade. The Irish Brigade captured the only Allied colours that day (later burned in Les Invalides by Napoleon's men in 1814 to deny its possession by the Russians). 4/6

The French were in a strong position: the regiments of Lally, Dillon, Roth, Bulkeley, Clare & Berwick (c 3800 men) were on the French left (no. 9), & led an important counterattack when the British column penetrated the French first line. A British victory turned into defeat. 2/6

Map of the Battle of Fontenoy (National Army Museum, London)

The Battle of Culloden, fought #OTD in 1746. #WildGeese #skystorians #JacobiteHistory #18thC

Dr Ciarán McDonnell@drciaranmcdonnell.bsky.social · 2y ago

The Battle of Culloden was fought OTD in 1746. Among the Jacobite army were some #WildGeese: Fitzjames Horse & the Irish Piquets, volunteers from the regiments of Dillon, Rooth, Lally & Berwick. Have a look through some material I gathered in Paris at the military archives (📷 SHD Vincennes).. #18thC