How to assess the roles of vision and language to reading? We studied how purely visual computational models for word and letter recognition processed visual Braille (⠉⠑⠗⠏⠑) and found that they don't replicate human behavioural / neural results, showing the need of language processing in reading
Feedforward computational models of vision do not explain expert neural processing of visual Braille in the human visual system https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.14.718353v1