Hate Speech in the Internet Context: Unpacking the Roles of Internet Penetration, Online Legal Regulation, and Online Opinion Polarization from a Transnational Perspective

In this study, the dynamics of online hate speech are examined through the analysis of a panel dataset covering 167 countries over 19 years, drawn from the V-Dem project. The relationships between key Internet context indicators and online hate speech is explored, in order to better understand how the phenomenon can be addressed at a […]

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Resilience Against Radicalization and Extremism in Schools: Development of a Psychometric Scale

Noticing how practitioners, policymakers, and researchers alike have argued that the school environment can be both a risk and resilience factor for radicalization and extremism among youth, and how little research has tested this directly, the authors of this study proposed the development of a scale to measure resilience against radicalization and extremism in schools, […]

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Towards a Definition of Hate Speech—With a Focus on Online Contexts

This review addresses the ongoing challenges faced by legislators and digital platforms in defining and regulating hate speech online. Despite increased attention to the issue, questions surrounding the definition of hate speech remain unresolved, raising concerns about both theoretical clarity and practical applicability. For this reason, the paper focuses on three central questions: the main […]

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Youths as Targets: Factors of Online Hate Speech Victimization among Adolescents and Young Adults

In this study, the victimization of adolescents and young adults through online hate speech was investigated, a phenomenon that can cause severe psychological harm during critical developmental stages. Drawing on criminology’s routine activity theory, the research investigates factors that help explain why young people become targets of online hate speech.It is empirically based on a […]

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Understanding Social Media Literacy: A Systematic Review of the Concept and Its Competences

Social Media Literacy – As an emerging concept that remains underdeveloped in the literature, it is presented as a relevant framework for understanding how individuals interact with digital platforms. Through a systematic review, the authors aimed to descriptively analyze the main definitions and competences associated with social media literacy. To achieve this, a literature search […]

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Is Radicalization a Family Issue? A Systematic Review of Family‐Related Risk and Protective Factors, Consequences, and Interventions Against Radicalization

A systematic review investigated the role of family-related risk and protective factors in radicalization, an area where evidence remains fragmented despite the recognized importance of family contexts in antisocial behaviors. It also considered the potential impact of radicalization on families and the effectiveness of family-focused interventions. Based on a comprehensive search of academic and gray […]

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A Systematic Review on Hate Speech among Children and Adolescents: Definitions, Prevalence, and Overlap with Related Phenomena

This systematic review examined the current state of research on the involvement of young people in hate speech, an area the authors affirm that remains relatively underexplored. Two main issues make its focus: the prevalence of hate speech among children and adolescents, including the definitions used to assess prevalence, and the theoretical and empirical overlap […]

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A Snapshot of Digital Literacy

This literature review has the purpose of analyzing the impact of digital literacy and its evolving nature on individuals’ daily lives. It explores digital literacy frameworks, approaches to digital literacy education, as well as the relationship between digital literacy and critical thinking, while also addressing emerging and future challenges in digital contexts, providing insight into […]

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Untangling Media Literacy, Information Literacy, and Digital Literacy: A Systematic Meta-Review of Core Concepts in Media Education

This systematic meta-review of scientific literature addresses the concepts of media literacy, information literacy, and digital literacy, examining how these three forms of literacy are defined and discussed. Texts were retrieved in two stages. The first text extraction was carried out in November 2015, and a second extraction took place in March 2019, a method […]

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Hate Speech Operationalization: A Preliminary Examination of Hate Speech Indicators and their Structure

Hate speech could be efficiently addressed and prosecuted based on how it is operationalized, yet, according to the authors of this study, existing theoretical definitions remain insufficiently developed and difficult to apply in practice. To address this limitation, an empirical definition of hate speech is developed with the input of interdisciplinary experts, and a set […]

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Resiliences to Radicalization: Four Key Perspectives

As the idea of resilience to radicalization has become key in policymaking for the prevention of violent extremism, the way in which this resilience is understood by frontline workers is important to understand. In light of this, the authors conducted a Q-methodology study, which identified diverse views, but four main perspectives stand out on resilience […]

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Understanding Changes in Violent Extremist Attitudes During the Transition to Early Adulthood

In this study, changes in support for violent extremism during the transition from late adolescence to early adulthood were investigated, a period that may either increase vulnerability to radicalization or promote maturation and prosocial development. Using longitudinal data from a cohort study in Zürich, Switzerland (n = 910), the research investigates how and why violent […]

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Former Extremists in Radicalization and Counter-Radicalization Research

In this article, the authors examine how in past studies related to radicalization and counter-radicalization the experiences of former extremists have been used to inform the understanding of such issues. For this purpose, empirical research on radicalization and counter-radicalization that incorporates formers in the research designs was synthetized, specially in regard to how some common […]

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Hate Speech Epidemic. The Dynamic Effects of Derogatory Language on Intergroup Relations and Political Radicalization

In this article, the way how exposure to derogatory language targeting immigrants and minority groups contributes to political radicalization and deteriorates intergroup relations is discussed. The psychological processes underlying both the effects of hate speech and its proliferation in contemporary societies are considered, as well as the factors that may constrain its growth. The authors […]

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Prevalence and Psychological Effects of Hateful Speech in Online College Communities

This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and impact of hateful speech within college communities, where such speech can have particularly harmful psychological and social consequences. Regulating hateful speech on college campuses raises complex socio-political challenges, making it essential to assess both how widespread the phenomenon is and how it affects students’ psychological well-being. Focusing […]

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