Fresh in @AmJBioeth: Hatherley @ colleagues introduce the concept of federation opacity (FO)—a valuable framework for understanding the ethical challenges of federated learning beyond privacy alone. Our commentary discusses the epistemic & ethical uniqueness of FO! urldefense.com/v3/__https:/...
Federated Learning is Still Machine Learning! Epistemic vs. Ethical Issues Common Across Medical ML Models
Published in The American Journal of Bioethics (Vol. 26, No. 8, 2026)
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