P.-Guillaume Méon

@pgmeon.bsky.social

Professor of Economics at @ULBruxelles, specializing in political economics.

How can we measure the state of democracy around the world? Measuring democracy is challenging. It has many dimensions, and researchers assess them in different ways. No single source of data captures the full picture, so we present data from several of them.

Choropleth map of country-level Liberal Democracy Index for 2025 where it highlights global differences in democratic scores on a scale from 0 to 1. High scores are concentrated in North America, Western and Northern Europe, Australia and New Zealand, while lower scores appear across parts of Africa, the Middle East, and Central and East Asia; many countries in Latin America and southern Africa show intermediate values. A few areas are marked as having no data. The data source is the Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) project (2026). The chart is licensed CC BY to Our World in Data.

The mother of all inequality disputes. (All data are in PPPs and on per capita basis; all measures are in Ginis.) Unweighted international inequality (aka Concept 1 ineq) is inequality of all countries' GDPs per capita (as simple as that). It has been going down, but slowly, over the past 30y,

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How much do countries reduce income inequality through taxes and transfers? Most countries reduce income inequality through taxes and transfers — taxing higher incomes more, and redistributing through benefits like pensions, unemployment support, and family allowances.

Horizontal bar chart of percentage reduction in the Gini coefficient of income by country where it shows how much taxes and benefits reduce measured income inequality in 2023, with Slovakia highest at 48.3% and Mexico lowest at 3.8%. Source: OECD (2026). License: CC BY.

What happens when the state quietly disappears? A new paper finds that support for populism in Italy (2008–18) rose where hospitals closed, especially in remote municipalities. Greater distance to public services reinforced feelings of abandonment and boosted populist voting.

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📊 Data update: How many people live in poverty around the world, and how has that changed over the last decades? The World Bank's Poverty and Inequality Platform (PIP) is one of the primary tools we have for answering these questions.

Stacked area chart of total population living in extreme poverty (below $3 per day) by world region from 1990 to 2026, where global numbers fall from about 2.3 billion in 1990 to under 1 billion in 2026, driven mainly by large declines in East Asia & Pacific and South Asia. Sub-Saharan Africa's count remains high and becomes a larger share of global poverty over time. Data source: Lakner et al. (2025), updated using World Bank PIP in March 2026. License: CC BY.

The global number of people without electricity has halved since 2000, but it has increased in Sub-Saharan Africa— Most people in the world would think very little before flicking on the lights, charging a mobile phone or turning on a laptop to read this.

Stacked area chart of the number of people without electricity by world region from 2000 to 2023, where the global total has roughly halved since 2000 but the population without electricity has increased in Sub-Saharan Africa while declining in most other regions. Data source: compiled from multiple sources by the World Bank; License: CC BY.

Hunger levels have increased across Africa over the last decade— In every region of Africa, hunger is more prevalent than a decade ago. The chart shows the increase in the share of the population that is undernourished, comparing 2014 and 2024 (the most recent year available).

Slope chart of the share of the population that is undernourished where regional shares are compared between 2014 and 2024, showing increases across all African regions and Middle Africa highest at 30% in 2024. Source: Food and Agriculture Organization (2025). License: CC BY.

It’s a common misconception that life expectancy has increased only because fewer children die. Historical mortality records show that adults today also live much longer than adults in the past.

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📊 Data update: How much do people trust their government? How does this vary across countries, and how has it changed over time? To help answer these questions, the OECD publishes data on trust in government across 47 countries, drawing on the Gallup World Poll.

Line chart of percentage of survey respondents reporting confidence in the national government for a selection of countries from 2007 to 2024, where trust trends diverge across nations. It highlights rising confidence in countries such as Indonesia and Mexico, notable declines in Peru and the United States, and mixed or relatively stable patterns in several European countries. The data source is the OECD. The chart is licensed CC BY to Our World in Data

Marco Rubio just flew to Budapest to deliver a speech in which he provided a full endorsement of Viktor Orbán in the upcoming Hungarian elections. Here is the letter he signed in 2019 warning about Hungary's "downward democratic trajectory" under Orbán h/t Carrick Ryan

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📢now forthcoming in ECMA! The Class Gap in Career Progression: Evidence from US Academia Class is rarely a focus of research or DEI in elite US occupations. Evidence suggests it should be: we find a large class gap in at least one occupation - tenure-track academia...🧵

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📊 Data update: Explore updated data on social spending by governments— How much are different countries spending on social programs like housing, unemployment, benefits for the sick and elderly, and more?

A line chart showing public social spending as share of GDP for a selection of OECD countries from 2000 to 2024. Social spending includes, among others, the following areas: health, old age, incapacity-related benefits, family, active labor market, programmes, unemployment, and housing. The data source is the OECD (2025), OECD (1985), and Lindert (2004). The chart is licensed CC BY to Our World in Data.