Tegan Horan

@teganhoran.bsky.social

Postdoc at Cornell. Background in genetics | Reproductive & cell bio | cultural anthropology. Studying sex differences in the germline. Doing things the hard way. 🏳️‍⚧️🦊

Weaned and ear-tagged some PWD mice recently (if you know, you know how...energetic they can be). Parents were bouncing off the walls, but the babies are perhaps the sweetest little mice I've ever met.

The sex binary is dead! Long live sex diversity & variability! Sex is one of the greatest sources of variation seen in life. How do we advance the scientific study of sex across the animal kingdom? Read our latest article in Hormones & Behavior to find out! 🧪 🧠 #neuroskyence

Fig. 1. Dynamic sex variability - An integrative, multidimensional framework. A framework that centers sex variability will enable the study of sex across multiple levels of biological analysis (colored boxes). A) Visual schematic representing the degree of sex variability (y-axis) across biological scale (x-axis) and time (z-axis), with example sex variables of interest (not all possible covariates and functional relationships are presented). In this example, to decipher mechanisms linking gonadal hormones to receptive reproductive behavior in adult rodents (lordosis), the functional relationships (black subset of possible gray relationships) between select variables (bold words) need to be identified. At each level of analysis, numerous variables differ across sex to contribute to reproductive behavior through these functional interactions. Importantly, the degree of variability across sex categories is dynamic and is affected by developmental stage, experience, and environment.Fig. 2. Approaches for the statistical analysis of sex-associated traits. Flow chart of example approaches for analyzing datasets with sex-associated variables. These analyses answer questions about whether and how sex-associated variables explain variation in dependent variables of interest, how independent variables of interest explain variation in dependent sex-associated variables, and how sex-associated variables (within and/or across levels of analysis) relate to one another. The examples match those in the text where possible, but the approaches are widely applicable and flexible. The choice(s) of analyses should follow directly from the research question(s), and it is likely that multiple approaches will be used in the analysis of an integrative dataset.Fig. 3. Questions for evaluating frameworks and approaches which study sex variability and diversity. Here, we present a set of questions to ask when critically evaluating work (whether it is your own or others) that addresses sex diversity and variability. Note that these questions reflect the integration of the conceptual framework, experimental approaches, and analysis and interpretation, as each of these aspects informs the other.