Ben Hayden

@benhayden.bsky.social

Professor of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine

This is your annual reminder that if you inadvertently write on a whiteboard with a Sharpie, you can trace over that with a whiteboard pen and then the whole thing will come off.

Douglas Fairbanks clears a table as he duels Noah Beery in THE MARK OF ZORRO (1920), his first full-costume swashbuckler. Doug's brother, Robert, acted as a stunt coordinator and propmaster, lowering the table slightly to make the leap look even more impressive.

It's nice that The Odyssey is getting its day in the sun as a synecdoche for history. But when this summer is over, it's back to the relentless, remorseless rise of Jane Austen.

Google Ngram Viewer chart comparing the frequency of “Jane Austen” and “The Odyssey” in English-language books from 1800 to 2022. Both phrases are rare before the mid-nineteenth century. Mentions of “Jane Austen” rise sharply after about 1860, fluctuate through the twentieth century, and then climb steeply after 1990 to roughly 0.000075% by 2020. “The Odyssey” increases more gradually, reaching about 0.000020% by 2020.

McDonald's The Mickey-D (1993-1993): A 1/3 pound (5.3 oz) burger patty, with thick-cut sharp cheddar cheese, slivered red onions, diced tomatoes, and a "zesty, Mickey D sauce", served on a crusty baguette roll. A quick 🧵on this unique offering...

A large, crusty baguette roll, loaded with a burger patty, orange cheese, diced tomato, red onion, and a thick red sauce, sitting on a tile counter

Let me get this straight: From Sweden, via Finnic, come words for the Rus and Russia. The Mongols turn the Russian term into Oros, to avoid initial /r/. Mandarin Chinese gains this as 俄羅斯 (Éluósī), 俄 for short. Then, due to the Vietnamese reading of the character 俄, 'Russia' in Vietnamese is Nga.

Sipping my coffee ☕️ and thinking about these marvellous Minoan cups! They look so modern it’s incredible to think they were made by Bronze Age potters some 3,800 years ago! Heraklion Archaeological Museum, Crete. 📷 by me #Archaeology

My photo collage shows five cylindrical Minoan cups each with a single handle and a slightly flaring rim. Each cup is decorated with a different geometric polychrome motif as follows:

Top left: on a black background, a central band delineated by an upper and lower white line contains evenly-spaced dark-orange circles. Each orange circle is outlined by a white line. Above and below the central band are swirling white vine-like lines.

Top right: on a black background, a large white spiral on the front of the cup and beside it a dark-orange oval with stylised white petals at each end which looks like a wrapped sweet!

Middle left: a central band of white and dark orange diagonal lines runs around the cup. Above and below the central band are alternating black and white diagonal shapes, the black ones look like shark fins

Bottom left: a central reddish-orange band delineated with a white line. Above the central band are swirling, spiralling white lines against a black background, and below the central band are alternating white and black diagonal lines.

Bottom right: A central band delineated with white lines contains white 's'-shaped diagonal white stripes. Above the central band a row of red dots outlined with white circles. Below the central band a single white line on the black background.

This type of Minoan pottery is known as Kamares Ware, named after the Kamares Cave on Mount Ida on the Greek island of Crete where this kind of pottery was first discovered. Kamares Ware vessels were luxury items produced by palace workshops at Phaistos and Knossos on Crete. These five cups were excavated at Phaistos and are dated 1800-1700 BC.

w/o red meat i'm having difficulty getting enough protein, which is particularly important to avoid losing muscle mass at this age. so i last night made this extra-protein overnight oats and woke up excited to try. a miraculous ~50g protein. sadly it tasted god-awful and i'm never making it again.

Key words in this clip to listen for: "auto" (lowered /ɔ/) "epitet", "federal", "specialists" (low + backed /ɛ/) "tax", "gas" (raised /æ/ - tho less diphthongal in her Michigan clips) "mock", "colleagues" (fronted /ɑ/)

Now! Vowels are the most indicative (to a linguist) but also can fly completely under the radar for normal speakers. In fact, Michigan specifically has been famous for its speakers both doing the NCS and reporting that they don't. (Niedzielski 1999; Preston 1996 inter alia) (16/n)

Here's the isoglosses for the NCS. The upshot is: it's much broader than just Michigan, but Michigan is the central area where DRESS is lower than TRAP and COT is fronter than center. (that little tail follows the old Rte 66 down to St Louis) (15/n)

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Okay. So the Northern Cities Shift (NCS for short) is a pattern of vowel shifts that are common in the Great Lakes area. There are 6, but the most important are the /æ/ vowel (the sound in "trap"), which is raised and often diphthongized, and the /ɑ/ vowel (sound in "cot"), which is fronted. (14/)

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So we can plot a speaker's entire vowel space. In this case, I'm showing 7 vowels that are the most important for identifying Michigan English. I'll get to that in a second - the point here is to show that every speaker has a range for each vowel, but also a clear pattern of how the vowels relate.

A Michigan speaker's Northern Cities Shift vowels

Okay. Then we're going to take those F1 (Formant 1) and F2 values, and plot them. We put the axes going backwards, so that the result can match the shape of a vowel space, if we imagine a face facing left. So [i] is the vowel where your tongue is frontest and highest. [ɑ] is low and back. (12/n)

General English vowel spaceGeneral English vowel space, with a head pointing left

So let's zoom into one of those areas of dark bands. I'll highlight the first and second formants - those are the most important for vowel pronunciation. You can see I highlighted about 1/3 of the way through the vowel (red dashed line), and a Hz value is shown on the left (for the 1st formant)

First and second formants highlighted in green; Hz values recorded to the right.

So let's take a 2 word phrase. The top here shows the waveform - this will be familiar to most of you. The bottom is the spectrogram - it's a Fourier transform of the waveform. It shows us where energy is concentrated - those dark bands ("formants") show us where the vowels are. (10/n)

A waveform of a phrase (top) with its spectrogram (Fourier transform) below)