Siblings differ in proportions of genetic ancestry. Wang, Berumen, et al. exploit this (and others) to show within-family genetic ancestry effects on height, T2D, and metabolic traits, but no effects on educational attainment. (EA ancestry associations are environmentally caused or confounded.)
Within-family effect of ancestry on complex traits in a Mexican population - Nature
This study uses a within-family design to identify significant ancestry differences in complex traits such as height and type 2 diabetes in a genetically diverse population from Mexico City.
nature.com
![Figure 10. Site-level mean bonding score differences across three conditions. Each row represents one experimental site, ordered by the magnitude of the bonding score change in the Singing condition, with the smallest change at the bottom and the largest at the top. Points represent site-level mean bonding score differences (Post- minus Pre-intervention) for each condition. The dashed vertical line indicates zero change. Site labels in green indicate Indo-European languages; labels in black indicate non-Indo-European languages. Sites with multiple locations within the same language are labeled with the location in brackets (e.g., “English [Auckland]”). See Figures S7-8 for alternative visualisations using raw differences in social bonding scores or effect sizes.](https://cdn.bsky.app/img/feed_thumbnail/plain/did:plc:mm4ujzh5bqccjs7g2oerjemp/bafkreietd64iubkib4l45ifykmmolbonv5ebhm2pehrwlj7ollktipsrle)
