TTE continues to have a net negative effect on research by providing window dressing for undesigned studies. Biggest deficiency: TTE does nothing for confounding and barely mentions it. fharrell.com/post/causal
Causal by Design – Statistical Thinking
Well-controlled randomized experiments when analyzed in a randomization-respecting way are causal by design and need no causal calculus to infer causation. If an observational study has any hope of pr...
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